CVT Basics

How a CVT works — and where problems begin

A CVT does not shift through fixed gears. It continuously changes the relationship between two adjustable pulleys, allowing the engine to stay near its most effective operating speed while the vehicle accelerates.

How a CVT works with adjustable drive and driven pulleys connected by a steel push belt
During acceleration, the belt rides low on the drive pulley and high on the driven pulley. At cruising speed, those positions reverse to produce a taller ratio.
No fixed gear steps

The transmission changes ratio continuously instead of moving from one gear to another.

Adjustable pulleys

Each pulley changes its effective diameter as the movable sheave changes position.

Steel push belt

The belt transfers power between the primary and secondary pulleys.

01

The pulley width changes

Hydraulic pressure moves one sheave on each pulley, making the belt ride higher or lower between the conical faces.

02

The effective diameter changes

When the belt moves outward on one pulley, it moves inward on the other. This changes the transmission ratio.

03

The ratio changes smoothly

The vehicle can continue accelerating without the distinct shift steps of a traditional automatic transmission.

Why manufacturers use CVTs

Efficiency without conventional shifts

  • The engine can remain near an efficient RPM range
  • Acceleration feels smooth when the transmission is working correctly
  • The basic pulley-and-belt layout is mechanically compact
Where trouble starts

Heat, fluid condition and internal wear

  • Worn belt surfaces and damaged pulley faces
  • Overheated or degraded CVT fluid
  • Bearing, valve-body and hydraulic pressure problems

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